That media control panel will appear in the volume OSD until you quit Chrome. When you play media (audio or video like YouTube) in the Chrome browser, Chrome will add its media control panel to the volume OSD. Evidently, this behavior is a new feature in the latest Chrome browser. Now, there is a new, huge right panel which has media control keys (back, play/pause, forward) and the not very friendly text “chrome.exe”. Previously, only the left panel (vertical adjustment bar and volume level number) was displayed, so the volume OSD was not very intrusive.
It was the Windows 10 volume on-screen display (OSD), except 10 times bigger than before. This morning, when I adjusted the volume on my desktop, a huge popup overlay appeared on the top-left of the screen, blocking a significant part of the video for 5 seconds.